![]() Examples of high-energy explosives include material such as TNT, C4, Semtex, nitroglycerin, dynamite, and ammonia nitrate fuel oil, while materials like gunpowder and petroleum are examples of substances that cause low-energy explosions. The explosion created by an IED can be classified into high-energy, which creates a supersonic high-pressure blast wave or low-energy explosion which creates a subsonic explosion without a blast wave. This ultimately causes the solid or liquid explosive material to be converted to a gas, which rapidly expands, releasing a large amount of energy. Explosions occur due to an exothermic reaction that is generated when chemical bonds are disrupted. Issues of Concernīlast injuries are the classification of injuries that can be sustained by explosives, and to fully comprehend these injuries, practitioners must first understand the physics behind an explosion. In fact, Kluger states that “ombing and explosions directed against innocent civilians have become the primary instrument of global terror…” It is of great importance that medical personnel be aware of the threat of terrorist-related IED attacks so that the appropriate steps can be taken if such an event were to occur. ![]() ![]() While the IED is considered one of the greatest threats to troops operating in Afghanistan during the War on Terror, they are not exclusively confined to the battlefield as civilian-targeted terrorist attacks like those mentioned above are becoming more commonplace. The United States Department of Defense defines IEDs as “devices placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic or incendiary chemicals, designed to destroy, disfigure, distract or harass…” Explosive-related injuries were once thought to be related solely to combat medicine. The focus of this paper will be improvised explosive devices (IEDs). ![]() The various types of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) can be remembered by the acronym CBRNE which stands for chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive weapons. That may be a sign you have a ruptured eardrum.Events such as the Boston Marathon bombing and the Manchester attack are reminders that terrorist attacks are of great concern to the general public. Very rarely you may feel fluid oozing from your ear.What are common ear barotrauma symptoms?Įar barotrauma usually happens when you’re flying in an airplane and there’s a sudden, significant change in air pressure. Very rarely, the pressure can damage your eardrum, bruising it or causing it to rupture.įortunately, there are several ways to unblock your eustachian tubes, such as yawning, chewing gum or blowing your nose. You may feel intense pressure in your ear. The air pressure difference can make your ears hurt. When air can’t reach your middle ear, air pressure builds up in the space behind your ear drum, causing the pressure in your middle ear to become unbalanced. It helps maintain equal air pressure on both sides of your ear drum by letting outside air into your middle ear. Your eustachian tube runs from the back of your middle ear to the back of your throat. Ear injury barotrauma happens when something blocks your eustachian tube or it becomes inflamed.
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